History of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope

The scanning tunneling microscope or STM is widely used in both industrial and fundamental research to obtain atomic scale images of metal surfaces. It provides a three-dimensional profile of the surface and provides useful information for characterizing surface roughness, observing surface defects and determining the size and conformation of molecules and aggregates.   Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer are the inventors of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).  Invented in 1981, the device provided the first images of individual atoms on the surfaces of materials. Gerd Binning and  Heinrich Rohrer Binnig, along with colleague Rohrer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1986 for his work in scanning tunneling microscopy. Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1947, Dr. Binnig attended J.W. Goethe University in Frankfurt and received a bachelors degree in 1973 as well as a doctorate five years later in 1978. He joined a physics research group at IBMs Zurich Research Laboratory that same year. Dr. Binnig was assigned to IBMs Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California from 1985 to 1986 and was a visiting professor at nearby Stanford University from 1987 to 1988. He was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1987 and remains a research staff member at IBMs Zurich Research Laboratory.   Born in Buchs, Switzerland in 1933, Dr. Rohrer was educated at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, where he received his bachelors degree in 1955 and his doctorate in 1960. After doing post-doctoral work at the Swiss Federal Institute and Rutgers University in the U.S., Dr. Rohrer joined IBMs newly formed Zurich Research Laboratory to study -- among other things -- Kondo materials and antiferromagnets. He then turned his attention to scanning tunneling microscopy. Dr. Rohrer was appointed an IBM Fellow in 1986 and was manager of the Physical Sciences Department at the Zurich Research Laboratory from 1986 to 1988. He retired from IBM in July 1997 and passed away on  May 16, 2013. Binnig and Rohrer were recognized for developing the powerful microscopy technique that  forms an image of individual atoms on a metal or semiconductor surface by scanning the tip of a needle over the surface at a height of only a few atomic diameters. They shared the award with German scientist Ernst Ruska, the  designer of the first electron microscope. Several  scanning microscopies use the scanning technology developed for the STM. Russell Young and the Topografiner A similar microscope called the Topografiner was invented by Russell Young and his  colleagues between 1965 and 1971 at the National Bureau of Standards, currently known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology.  This microscope works on the principle  that the left and right piezo drivers scan the tip over and slightly above the specimen surface. The center piezo is controlled by a servo system to maintain a constant voltage, which results in a consistent  vertical separation between the tip and the surface. An electron multiplier detects the tiny fraction of the tunneling current which is scattered by the specimen surface.

Walt Disney Company Vs. Studio Ghibli - 1298 Words

Marina Klimova Professor Stacy English 111 1 October 2017 The Walt Disney Company vs. Studio Ghibli What does a whistling mouse and a catlike bunny creature have in common? They are both the logos of two leading animation companies: the Walt Disney Company and Studio Ghibli. While Disney and Studio Ghibli vary in their style, production, and overall themes, they both produce award winning and adventurous movies for Western and Non-Western audiences alike. In 1928, the whistling Mickey Mouse in the short cartoon Steamboat Willie led to the beginnings of success in Walt Disney’s company and set the ball rolling for the studio to become the widest known in the world (Holliss and Sibley 5). Before that, the company was strained financially and†¦show more content†¦While the directors of Studio Ghibli had in mind to meet these goals as well, they founded the studio more to have free reign in their artistic visions for animated movies. They wished to produce original anime movies(Takai). They on the other hand aimed for just their home country Japan and came to more renown than they intended. Altogether Studio Ghibli and Disney have won many different Therefore, Studio Ghibli’s animations embody a strong sense of Japanese culture while also using Western characters and settings in its productions (Odell and Michelle 33-35). Each animation has the characteristic style of Anime or animations made in Japan which usually looks like the manga, Japanese comic books, they are adapted from. Each has their own look but usually the characters have bigger eyes, small nose and mouth. The two directors of Studio Ghibli brought different themes and genres of animation to the table. Hayao Miyazaki was preoccupied with fantastical worlds hidden inside of our own world, flying machines or flying in general, and environmentalism. Isao Takahata focused more on realistic settings such as school life during adolescence and collaborated with Miyazaki to produce films that had more themes such as, growing up, strong female lead characters, forming an identity, animals with human characteristics and anti-war sentiments (Odell and Michelle 23-30). Disney in contrast, has

Music Influence Essay Example For Students

Music Influence Essay Lately, there has been a lot of commotion about the assumption that specific kinds of music are wrongly influencing the younger generation, mainly focusing on Hip Hop artists such as Ill Wayne, Jay-Z, and Amine. Some people are even going so far as to blaming Hip Hop for the most horrific and violent events of our time. Researchers, parents and other adults of the generation before claim that this music has a negative effect on their children. I disagree with this accusation and in the remainder of this essay; I will argue my reasoning for thinking what I do. I strongly believe that your emotions and your mood influence your music choice at that given time. If I am happy, I will not be listening too break up ballad with its sad and depressing lyrics. I will be listening to some Pop catchy tune with a quicker tempo. In opposition, if I am sad, I find myself listening to R music, something with a dragging tempo. If Im Angry at my parents or feeling bewildered and confused, like nothing is working out the way I want it to and never will. That will be when you will hear me listening to heavier music with angry, detrimental lyrics, because in that moment I connect to the words and Im not alone. While listening to such music you feel empowered because someone has went through the same thing you have. Sadly, many parents dont even have a clue about what is occurring in their teenagers lives. They ask them about petty things such as how school went or what they were able to learn in class that day and they receive the same exact answer fine or k. Suddenly, when a tragedy happens no one ever wants to feel responsible for anything of that sort. A teenage shoot out, why would any parent want to put the blame on them? Why not blame the media, an untouchable force, or God? For who can even decide if who and what the media really covers is legit? Experiencing violent thoughts is a reality for many teens and adults. People seem to think that Gangster rap music such as Meek Mills song Burn effect them negatively and as a result cause these thoughts. In my opinion, violent music will not cause such thoughts or ideas, but it may bring them out if they were already being contemplated. No one can blame a certain song for the reason behind why they broke the law or committed a murder. The lyrics may cause you to consider these actions but at the end of the day we as human beings are responsible for everything we do. The artists who make any angry songs are using the music as their own vessel of emotion. Artists are human as well and so they need their own outlet of anger or any other feeling Just as we do. For instance, here are some lyrics from the song Kim by Amine Sit up front (We Just cant leave Hail alone, what if she wakes up). Well be right back, well I will, youll be in the trunk This quote clearly displays Amines hostility to his now current ex-wife Kim. Pertaining to the song, teenagers identify with the fact that Amine was cheated on not the way he wants to put Kim in Music Influence By Corporealness 8 of violence, politicians attempt to erase from the consciousness of their constituents the history of oppression that has given birth to hip-hop culture (Blanchard). The government may attempt to blame the worlds troubles on Hip Hop, but we all know what some of the real issues are. Either way, hip-hop does not negatively influence anyone, it is up to the listener to make the right decisions because you are your own keeper and you hold responsibility for your own actions.

The Sudetenland Essays - Munich Agreement, Sudetenland, Partition

The Sudetenland History The Sudetenland On January 30, 1933, the Nazis acquired mastery of Germany when Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor. That evening Hitler stood triumphantly in the window of the Reich Chancellery waving to thousands of storm troopers who staged parades throughout the streets of Berlin. The Nazis proclaimed that their Third Reich would be the greatest civilization in history and would last for thousands of years. But the meteoric rise of Hitler and national socialism was followed by an almost equally rapid defeat; the Third Reich survived for a mere twelve years. But one of the main causes of World War II was Hitler's public justification for the dismemberment of the Czech state through either war or diplomacy was the plight of the 3.5 million ethnic Germans the Treaty of Versailles had left inside Czechoslovakia. The main land that Hitler wanted to annex to Germany was that of the Sudetenland, where most of the people living there were of German origin. The land also bordered Germany to the South East, and Germany was prepared to conquer this land at all cost. "And now before us stands the last problem that must be solved and will be solved It (the Sudetenland) is the last territorial claim which I have to make in Europe, but it is the claim from which I will not recede?" - Adolf Hitler, in a speech in Berlin, September 26 1938, just prior to the Munich conference. Most of the German minorities live in Sudetenland, an economically valuable and strategically important area along the Czech border with Germany and Austria. The grievances of the Sudeten Germans against the Czech state had led to the rise of a strong German nationalist movement in the Sudetenland. By the mid -1930's, this movement had the support of almost 70 percent of the Sudeten German population. Their leader, the pro-Nazi Konrad Heinlen, began demanding autonomy for this region Both the real and contrived problems of the Sudeten Germans added credibility to Hitler's charge that they were denied the right of self-determination and lived as an oppressed minority, which he was obligated to defend In the spring of 1938, Heinlein was directed by Hitler to make demands that the Czechs could not accept, thereby giving Germany a reason to intervene. The Czech situation soon turned into an international crisis that dominated the European scene for the rest of that current year. The weekend which began on Friday, May 20, 1938, developed into a critical one and would later be remembered as the "May crisis." During the ensuing forty-eight hours, the Governments in London, Paris, Prague and Moscow were panicked into the belief that Europe stood nearer to war than it had at any time since the summer of 1914. This may have been largely due to the possibility that new plans for a German attack on Czechoslovakia called "Case Green" which were drawn up for him, got leaked out. Hitler had begun to prepare an attack on the Sudetenland. The target date was the beginning of October. He was prepared to employ an army of ninety-six divisions. The Czechoslovak Government, aware of Hitler's intentions but uncertain when the blow would fall, ordered a partial mobilization on May 21. Hitler was outraged, explaining to his generals that he had offered no threat and was being treated with contempt. He had been humiliated, and no one yet humiliated him with impunity. His rage against Czechoslovakia increased, and on May 30 he issued a secret directive to his high command: "It is my unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action in the near future." All through the summer Britain, France and the Soviet Union were aware that Hitler planned to strike at the Sudetenland and perhaps the whole of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks had an excellent intelligence system with Germany and knew from day to day what Hitler was planning. Germany also had an excellent intelligence system, and in addition it had in Konrad Henlein, the National Socialist leader in the Sudetenland, a man who would stop at nothing to produce an insurrection or an act of deliberate provocation against the Czechoslovak Government. The German newspapers were filled with accounts of mass arrests of innocent men and women in the Sudetenland, and there were the inevitable circumstantial stories "by our correspondent." Nonexistent people in nonexistent villages were being slaughtered. The Czechoslovak Government attempted to refute some of these stories but gave up in despair. Hitler ordered a massive propaganda barrage against Czechoslovakia to prepare the German people for the October invasion. On September 12th at Nuremberg, Hitler went as close

Cg Intro essays

Cg Intro essays There have been many experiments done on depth of processing and the self reference effect. The Depth of Processing model of memory maintains that how deep something is encoded into a person's memory depends on using certain types of processing. This relates to the self reference effect because it is believed that people have the tendency to remember something better when they can relate it to themselves. People who can personally relate to something have the tendency to embed it deeper into their memory. Craik and Tulving did a series of experiments on the depth of processing model. They had participants use a series of processing methods to encode words at different levels; shallow, moderate, and deep. The subjects were shown a series of words and ask questions about the words that would provide a "yes" or "no" response. At the shallow level they were asked questions about whether or not the word was written in capital letters. At the moderate level of processing, the subject was asked questions as to whether or not two words rhymed. Finally, the subjects were asked about words in sentences and whether or not they fit. This was the deep level of processing. After participants had completed the task they were then given a surprise recognition test with the words that they were just asked questions on (target words) and then words that they have never seen before (distraction words). The results of the experiment showed that people remembered the words better that were at d eeper level of processing (Craik and Tulving 1975). Although there was some criticisms about the above experiment, Craik and Tulving performed more experiments each time refining the D.O.P. model. There were thoughts that the structural tasks were easier and not as much time had to be spent on them therefore people did not have as long to look at those words and could not study them like the other tasks. Craik and Tulving then made the structural ...

Sister Carrie Analysis essays

Sister Carrie Analysis essays In the novel Sister Carrie, by Theodore Dreiser, Carrie Meeber advances in social standing by using sex as a form of capital, while George Hurstwood falls from upper class status. This plot, though acceptable in modern literature, was unheard of in the early 20th century and despised by critics of the period. Dreisers work has been increasingly important since his death(Poupard, 50). The plot of Sister Carrie is exemplary in it's representation of 20th century naturalism and marks the change from conventional to unorthodox literature. Sister Carrie has become more important over time and is one of the most important American novels written in the 20th century(Stanley, 214). Sinclair Lewis stated that Sister Carrie is "widely hailed as the largest fruit of American realism"(Poupard, 164). Dresier used determinism and sentimentalism to describe how ones destiny is shaped(Poupard, 49). The inability to shape ones destiny and portayal of ill situations being inevitable was Karl F. Zender argues that Sister Carrie's emphasis on circumstance de-emphasis on character takes away from the novel. Through Dreiser's realism however the immodest nature of the novel is felt. Edgar Lee Masters exclaims that Dreiser's "clear eye and accurate hand" are exemplary in Sister Carrie and presented a reality relatable to the reader(Poupard, 165). Dianne Henningfield recognizes that it is possible to focus on Carrie's capitalism, exchanging services for goods, seeing that Carrie is pushed to her decisions for economic needs(Stanley, 215). This sort of literature was not common in the early 20th century and was not accepted by most critics of the period . Many early critics focused on the fact that Carrie was not reprimanded at any point in the novel for her exchange of sex for goods(Poupard, 49). From Carries situations the book can be read as a tragedy of putting that much importance and value to sex, however to advan ...

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management - Case Study Example The firm sold industry equipment through personal contacts and personal relationships of the top end staff. When the CRM system was decided to be licensed, there were huge arguments about its necessity since such a system would not be suited for selling industry equipment. However the decision was made by the high-ups and the license was bought. The implementation of this system was not as successful as was expected because there was no alignment between the business objectives and the technological objectives. The results the top-end of the management wanted to achieve could only be achieved up to 50% and the huge investment became a waste. If a more customized and industry usable system had been purchased like a Supply Chain System or an Enterprise Resource Plan, then the results would have been much better. (Jessup & Valacich, 2007) The project aimed at involving the industry clients to communicate through the CRM system with the organization telling them about the quantity they want to purchase, any customizations they require and the time of delivery etc. Orders from the clients came in bulk and were quite infrequent. Managing these orders had been easy in the past and it was being manually without any problems. Since no boom in the industry was expected, this project was also considered as not being able to utilize its full potential. The problem in this case was the poor judgment of the scenario at hand by the top management. They wanted to automate the ordering and delivery systems however the technological side of the CRM could do much more than automating these two functions. The Microsoft Dynamics CRM 3.0 was also able to maximize the marketing capabilities of the organization. In this case, marketing wasn't the objective and no one had ever thought about marketing the industry equipment into a brand name. The company had never put up nay ads and didn't even have a marketing department. (Microsoft, 2008) The CRM 3.0 also helps to improve the customer relationships with the clients. The company got business from personal contacts and generating goodwill and relationships wasn't really a problem. Therefore this objective from the technology side of the new system was also negated. (Microsoft, 2008) Lastly the CRM system empowered the users for the entire sales cycles. In some sense this was the only objective the organization wanted to achieve from the new system. However this module was also sparingly used by the organization due to infrequent orders. (Microsoft, 2008) The project should have been aligned with the objectives the organization was trying to achieve only then the IT team should have been involved to give ideas to suggest a solution for the problem at hand. In this case the IT department would most probably have suggested that the current business model of manual work was best until more business was acquired. The problem that we see here is not with the implementation of the project, rather with the thinking of the high-end managers. (Morgan, 2002) According to Livingston (2004), one of the drivers for mismanagement and misalignment of organizational goals to technological goals is the varying view of business executives on the role or affects that IT integration could have on their companies. In this case the executives were thinking that profound results would be